12. Вспомните образование страдательного залога — to be (в нужном времени) + 3-я форма глагола. А. Найдите...

1. The work of power stations is controlled by electronic devices.
2. The trajectories of spaceships are calculated by them.
3. New phenomena of nature are discovered due to electronic devices by people.
4. A variety of tubes for specialized functions were designed by scientists.
5. The transistor was invented by American scientists in 1948.
6. The size of devices was greatly reduced by integrated circuits.
7. Packing density was increased by new types of integrated circuits.
8. Man's intellectual power has been extended by electronics.
9. New ways for the improvement of integrated circuits technology are being looked for by scientists.
10. The concept of integrating device was developed by Jack Kilby and the first IC was built by him in 1958.

А. Употребление страдательного залога в текстах

К сожалению, у меня нет доступа к текстам 1 и 2, упомянутым в вашем вопросе. Однако чтобы помочь вам понять, как находить страдательный залог и переводить предложения, я объясню несколько примеров.

Пример страдательного залога:

1. The novel was written by George Orwell.
2. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory.
3. The new policy is being implemented by the government.
4. The results have been published in a scientific journal.
5. The building will be demolished next month.

Перевод на русский:

1. Роман был написан Джорджем Оруэллом.
2. Эксперимент был проведен в лаборатории.
3. Новая политика внедряется правительством.
4. Результаты были опубликованы в научном журнале.
5. Здание будет снесено в следующем месяце.

Б. Преобразование предложений из действительного залога в страдательный

1. Electronic devices control the work of power stations.

   • The work of power stations is controlled by electronic devices.

2. They calculate the trajectories of spaceships.

   • The trajectories of spaceships are calculated by them.

3. People discover new phenomena of nature due to electronic devices.

   • New phenomena of nature are discovered by people due to electronic devices.

4. Scientists designed a variety of tubes for specialized functions.

   • A variety of tubes for specialized functions were designed by scientists.

5. American scientists invented the transistor in 1948.

   • The transistor was invented by American scientists in 1948.

6. Integrated circuits greatly reduced the size of devices.

   • The size of devices was greatly reduced by integrated circuits.

7. New types of integrated circuits increased packing density.

   • Packing density was increased by new types of integrated circuits.

8. Electronics has extended man's intellectual power.

   • Man's intellectual power has been extended by electronics.

9. Scientists are looking for new ways for the improvement of integrated circuits technology.

   • New ways for the improvement of integrated circuits technology are being looked for by scientists.

10. Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrating device and built the first IC in 1958.

    • The concept of integrating device was developed by Jack Kilby and the first IC was built by him in 1958.

Заключение

Страдательный залог используется, когда акцент делается на действие или на объект, который подвергается действию, а не на субъекте, выполняющем действие. Это особенно полезно в научных и технических текстах, где важно подчеркнуть результат действий.